Identifying statistical regularities in solutions to some tasks in multi-task reinforcement learning can accelerate the learning of new tasks. Skill learning offers one way of identifying these regularities by decomposing pre-collected experiences into a sequence of skills. A popular approach to skill learning is maximizing the likelihood of the pre-collected experience with latent variable models, where the latent variables represent the skills. However, there are often many solutions that maximize the likelihood equally well, including degenerate solutions. To address this underspecification, we propose a new objective that combines the maximum likelihood objective with a penalty on the description length of the skills. This penalty incentivizes the skills to maximally extract common structures from the experiences. Empirically, our objective learns skills that solve downstream tasks in fewer samples compared to skills learned from only maximizing likelihood. Further, while most prior works in the offline multi-task setting focus on tasks with low-dimensional observations, our objective can scale to challenging tasks with high-dimensional image observations.

Model-based reinforcement learning (RL) methods are appealing in the offline setting because they allow an agent to reason about the consequences of actions without interacting with the environment. Prior methods learn a 1-step dynamics model, which predicts the next state given the current state and action. These models do not immediately tell the agent which actions to take, but must be integrated into a larger RL framework. Can we model the environment dynamics in a different way, such that the learned model does directly indicate the value of each action? In this paper, we propose Contrastive Value Learning (CVL), which learns an implicit, multi-step model of the environment dynamics. This model can be learned without access to reward functions, but nonetheless can be used to directly estimate the value of each action, without requiring any TD learning. Because this model represents the multi-step transitions implicitly, it avoids having to predict high-dimensional observations and thus scales to high-dimensional tasks. Our experiments demonstrate that CVL outperforms prior offline RL methods on complex continuous control benchmarks.

尽管学习环境内部模型的强化学习（RL）方法具有比没有模型的对应物更有效的样本效率，但学会从高维传感器中建模原始观察结果可能具有挑战性。先前的工作通过通过辅助目标（例如重建或价值预测）学习观察值的低维表示来解决这一挑战。但是，这些辅助目标与RL目标之间的一致性通常不清楚。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个单一的目标，该目标共同优化了潜在空间模型和政策，以实现高回报，同时保持自洽。这个目标是预期收益的下限。与基于模型的RL在策略探索或模型保证方面的先前范围不同，我们的界限直接依靠整体RL目标。我们证明，所得算法匹配或改善了最佳基于模型和无模型的RL方法的样品效率。尽管这种有效的样品方法通常在计算上是要求的，但我们的方法在较小的壁式锁定时间降低了50 \％。

在加强学习（RL）中，如果给出良好的表示，则更容易解决任务。尽管Deep RL应该自动获得如此良好的表示形式，但先前的工作经常发现以端到端方式学习表示不稳定，而是为RL算法配备了其他表示零件（例如，辅助损失，数据增强）。我们如何设计直接获得良好表示形式的RL算法？在本文中，我们可以表明（对比）表示方法可以将表示零件添加到现有的RL算法中，而是可以将其作为RL算法施加。为此，我们以先前的工作为基础，并将对比度表示学习应用于行动标记的轨迹，以至于学会表示的（内部产品）完全与目标条件的价值函数相对应。我们使用此想法来重新解释先前的RL方法作为执行对比学习，然后使用该想法提出一种更简单的方法，可以实现相似的性能。在一系列具有目标条件的RL任务中，我们证明了对比的RL方法比以前的非对抗性方法（包括在离线RL设置）中获得更高的成功率。我们还表明，对比度RL在不使用数据增强或辅助目标的情况下优于基于图像的任务的先验方法。

先前的工作提出了一种简单的加固学习策略（RL）：标签经验，具有该经验中取得的成果，然后模仿重新标记的经验。这些结局条件的模仿学习方法由于其简单性，强大的表现和与监督学习的紧密联系而具有吸引力。但是，尚不清楚这些方法与标准RL目标，最大化如何相关。在本文中，我们证明现有的结果模仿学习方法不一定改善政策。相反，在某些情况下，它们可以减少预期的奖励。但是，我们表明，在某些假设下，简单的修改会导致一种可以保证政策改进的方法。我们的目的不是开发一种全新的方法，而是解释如何使用一种结局条件的模仿学习来最大化奖励。

最近的工作表明，单独监督学习，没有时间差异（TD）学习，可以对离线RL显着有效。什么时候保持真实，需要哪些算法组件？通过广泛的实验，我们致力于将RL离线的监督学习到其基本要素。在我们考虑的每个环境套件中，只需通过双层前馈MLP最大化的可能性，与基于TD学习或与变压器的序列建模的基本更复杂的方法具有竞争力的竞争性。仔细选择模型容量（例如，通过正则化或架构），并选择哪些信息（例如，目标或奖励）对性能至关重要。这些见解是通过监督学习进行加强学习的从业者（我们投入“RVS学习”）的实践指南。他们还探讨了现有RVS方法的限制，在随机数据上相对较弱，并提出了许多打开问题。

增强学习（RL）算法假设用户通过手动编写奖励函数来指定任务。但是，这个过程可能是费力的，需要相当大的技术专长。我们可以设计RL算法，而是通过提供成功结果的示例来支持用户来指定任务吗？在本文中，我们推导了一种控制算法，可以最大化这些成功结果示例的未来概率。在前阶段的工作已经接近了类似的问题，首先学习奖励功能，然后使用另一个RL算法优化此奖励功能。相比之下，我们的方法直接从过渡和成功的结果中学习价值函数，而无需学习此中间奖励功能。因此，我们的方法需要较少的封闭式曲折和调试的代码行。我们表明我们的方法满足了一种新的数据驱动Bellman方程，其中示例取代了典型的奖励函数术语。实验表明，我们的方法优于学习明确奖励功能的先前方法。

The recent increase in public and academic interest in preserving biodiversity has led to the growth of the field of conservation technology. This field involves designing and constructing tools that utilize technology to aid in the conservation of wildlife. In this article, we will use case studies to demonstrate the importance of designing conservation tools with human-wildlife interaction in mind and provide a framework for creating successful tools. These case studies include a range of complexities, from simple cat collars to machine learning and game theory methodologies. Our goal is to introduce and inform current and future researchers in the field of conservation technology and provide references for educating the next generation of conservation technologists. Conservation technology not only has the potential to benefit biodiversity but also has broader impacts on fields such as sustainability and environmental protection. By using innovative technologies to address conservation challenges, we can find more effective and efficient solutions to protect and preserve our planet's resources.

We address the problem of extracting key steps from unlabeled procedural videos, motivated by the potential of Augmented Reality (AR) headsets to revolutionize job training and performance. We decompose the problem into two steps: representation learning and key steps extraction. We employ self-supervised representation learning via a training strategy that adapts off-the-shelf video features using a temporal module. Training implements self-supervised learning losses involving multiple cues such as appearance, motion and pose trajectories extracted from videos to learn generalizable representations. Our method extracts key steps via a tunable algorithm that clusters the representations extracted from procedural videos. We quantitatively evaluate our approach with key step localization and also demonstrate the effectiveness of the extracted representations on related downstream tasks like phase classification. Qualitative results demonstrate that the extracted key steps are meaningful to succinctly represent the procedural tasks.

We introduce Argoverse 2 (AV2) - a collection of three datasets for perception and forecasting research in the self-driving domain. The annotated Sensor Dataset contains 1,000 sequences of multimodal data, encompassing high-resolution imagery from seven ring cameras, and two stereo cameras in addition to lidar point clouds, and 6-DOF map-aligned pose. Sequences contain 3D cuboid annotations for 26 object categories, all of which are sufficiently-sampled to support training and evaluation of 3D perception models. The Lidar Dataset contains 20,000 sequences of unlabeled lidar point clouds and map-aligned pose. This dataset is the largest ever collection of lidar sensor data and supports self-supervised learning and the emerging task of point cloud forecasting. Finally, the Motion Forecasting Dataset contains 250,000 scenarios mined for interesting and challenging interactions between the autonomous vehicle and other actors in each local scene. Models are tasked with the prediction of future motion for "scored actors" in each scenario and are provided with track histories that capture object location, heading, velocity, and category. In all three datasets, each scenario contains its own HD Map with 3D lane and crosswalk geometry - sourced from data captured in six distinct cities. We believe these datasets will support new and existing machine learning research problems in ways that existing datasets do not. All datasets are released under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.